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[Memorials of Douglas
Carstairs]
Part 6 His
Missionary Career
CONTENTS
Part
1. LIFE, EDUCATION,TRAINING, OBJECTS, HABITS,WORK
Part 2. Extracts from his LETTERS
Part 3. PREFACE to his AMOY
DICTIONARY
Part 4 Extract
from AMOY DICTIONARY
Part 5. His CLOSING DAYS, by REV.
WM.McGREGOR, Amoy
Part 6. His MISSIONARY CAREER,
by REV. W. S. SWANSON, Amoy
Part 7. Extract from LETTER of
REV. DR.TALMAGE, Amoy
Part 8. Extracts from LETTERS
of REV. H. L. MACKENZIE, Swatow
Part 9. Missions in China of PRESBYTERIAN
CHURCH OF ENGLAND;STAFF, STATIONS,and LONDON OFFICE-BEARERS
Part 10. Statistics of whole
PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN CHINA, and of the SHANGHAI MISSIONARY CONFERENCE
HIS MISSIONARY CAREER, By Rev. W. S. SWANSON, Amoy,
one of the Missionaries of the Presbyterian Church of England.
IN the death of Dr. Douglas
missionary work in China has lost one of its ablest and most zealous agents.
He was the senior member of the Foreign Mission Staff of the Presbyterian
Church of England, and that Church over its length and breadth is deeply
mourning his sudden removal. His distinguished worth and zeal were known,
however, over a much wider circle, for every missionary in China feels
that, his death is a serious loss to the great cause of work for Christ
in that Empire. He went to this work furnished for it in no ordinary degree
by scholarly training, and with a mind of great power and capacity. He
had set a high ideal before him, and to the end he maintained this ideal.
From the very beginning of his course as a missionary, he took a high
place. With rare ability, and with singular perseverance and conscientiousness,
he carried on his work. And he has left behind him in China a name that
can never be forgotten, and a mark in the history of Christian work there
that can never be obliterated.
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MISSION COMMENCED;
REV. W. C. BURNS
For some years before he went to China, increased attention began to be
directed to that country by Christian Churches in Great Britain and America.
The Presbyterian Church of England was then beginning to show renewed
vigour and strength; and, like every living church, felt that work in
the foreign field was a necessity of life and existence. In the providence
of God, China was the field chosen; and the Rev. W. C. Burns was their
first missionary. The remarkable blessing that had attended Mr. Burns'
labours in this country naturally drew the attention of thousands to the
place he had chosen as the scene of his work. This, especially, made Chinese
missions a burning question in the congregations and theological halls
of the Presbyterian Churches in Scotland and England. Mr. Burns left in
1847, and was followed in 1853 by the Rev. J. Johnston, now minister of
Free St. James's Church, Glasgow. Mr. Burns spent some years about Hong-Kong
and Canton, and then went up to Amoy. Here his work was in alliance with
the agents of the Reformed Dutch Church of the United States, and of the
London Missionary Society. There was no distinctive setting up of stations
under his own superintendence. In 1854 there was a remarkable work of
grace at 1 Pechuia, in which Mr. Burns was the great agent.
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Shortly thereafter, Mr. Burns left for home, where he remained for a short
time, and where he, by his addresses and appeals, deepened and increased
the interest in Chinese missions. An association had already been formed
in Scotland, as an auxiliary to the English Presbyterian Church in this
work, and Dr. Douglas was the first missionary sent out by this association.
He went to China in 1855, immediately after being ordained to the work
by the Free Church Presbytery of Glasgow. He went out with Mr. Burns,
who was then returning after his short furlough. On arriving at Shanghai
they parted company, and Dr. Douglas went on alone to Amoy.
AMOY AND ITS PEOPLE:
MISSION FIELD.
He soon found that the field of labour to which he had come was one of
the most important and hopeful in all China. Amoy, a large town on an
island of the same name, has the best harbour in all South China, and
is the centre of a very extensive and flourishing trade. It is the principal
port of the Province of Fuh-Kien; and this province has been the main
centre of the emigrating power of China. At a very early period Amoy had
commercial intercourse with the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and
with places still farther west. The Chinese who have gone in thousands
to that Archipelago have gone principally from Fuh-Kien. The magnificent
island of Formosa has been colonized by emigrants from Amoy; and, considering
their means and appliances, they have wonderfully developed its resources.
The spirit of push and of enterprise, and the power of colonization, have
ever been and still are outstanding characteristics of the men of Fuh-Kien.
They may be equaled in these, but certainly not excelled by the Cantonese.
The Amoy men, however,, are more outspoken and open than the Cantonese,
who are known all over China for their treachery and cunning.
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The missionary who works from Amoy as a centre, is then acting upon the
most enterprising, industrious, and liberal-minded portion of the Chinese
population. He finds, too, wonderful facilities of access to the entire
field covered by
the Amoy dialect, which commands the country from Chau-An (near Swatow),
on the south, to more than too miles to the north of Amoy, and from the
sea-board to 100 miles inland, besides most of the great island of Formosa.
No missionary could desire a better field or a more interesting people.
And Dr. Douglas was not slow to recognise these advantages. China as a
whole had his warmest sympathies and his earnest efforts; but still his
love to Amoy his own field and the fruitful centre from which has sprung
all the work of the English Presbyterian Church, was absorbing. Anything
that touched Amoy and the work there seemed to touch the "apple of
his eye."
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"REFORMED DUTCH
CHURCH" AND "LONDON" MISSIONS.
He hoped to find Mr. Johnston in Amoy on his own arrival there. But, to
his and the Church's deep regret, Mr. Johnston had been forced by dangerous
illness to leave China and return home. Single-handed, then, so- far as
brethren of his own church were concerned, he began his work; and this
was sufficiently discouraging. He would have felt it more but that Mr.
Johnston, although judiciously and successfully beginning the work of
distinctive stations for his own mission, laboured in essential union
with the brethren of the Reformed Dutch Church of America, and in warmest
sympathy with those of the London Missionary Society, both of which had
for some time before established the missions at Amoy which they still
so efficiently maintain there. These brethren did all they could to assist
and encourage Dr. Douglas, and he was ever ready to acknowledge what they
had done.
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The first work was to acquire the language. To this work he set himself
with the most conscientious zeal and thoroughness. To speak some words
intelligibly in Chinese and to express some Christian truths in that language,
is not all that a missionary has to do. He has to carry on new and strange
work amongst a very acute and clever people, who are quick to discover
the flaws in any man's furnishing, and ready, while he may not know it,
to ridicule him, and bring his message into disrepute. Besides, he is
dealing with a subject entirely new to them, and has, of necessity, to
introduce its very terminology to the minds of his hearers, and the earlier
missionaries have to create that terminology, which certainly are duties
of the most delicate kind, and not to be entered upon rashly and without
sufficient preparation. He spared no pains in inculcating this upon those
who succeeded him, and who were joined with him in the work; and his own
example enforced every advice that he gave. He brought to the study a
powerful scholarly mind trained to systematic ways of doing -work,, and
a minuteness of research rarely equalled, and never, I think, surpassed.
The study of this language, at any time difficult, was at that early date
especially so. There were then few aids, and each had to choose his own
methods. There was one vocabulary in manuscript, prepared by Mr. Lloyd,
an American Missionary, which was wonderfully accurate and full, when
the time of its preparation and the materials then at hand are considered;
but still the study was most difficult, and involved such patient long-continued
drudgery as called for the greatest perseverance of the student. Dr. Douglas
looked upon this drudgery as his work for the Master at the time ; and
we who followed him can remember how faithfully he used at our times of
discouragement to put our work in this light. The result of all was that
he became one of the first Chinese scholars of the day, and in this respect
his death is an immense loss, His scholarship shewed itself not only in
his extensive knowledge of the language of Amoy, but he was equally distinguished
for his intimate acquaintance with the literary style. In that district
of China these differ so much that they seem two distinct languages.
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CHINESE DICTIONARY
AND SCHOLARSHIP
He soon saw that there was clamant need of a thoroughly well-prepared
dictionary of the Amoy colloquial, and he began to collect materials for
a work of this kind. Wherever he went, his note-book and pencil were in
hand, and he was busy in the work of collection, and also in the revision
and verification of the stores already amassed. His brethren of his own
and the other missions at Amoy knew this, and at their unanimous request
he prepared these, materials for publication. The result was, that in
1873 the dictionary was published, and we can say no more of it here than
that it is universally acknowledged by the most competent judges to be
a work of most wonderful completeness, of scholarly research and accuracy,
and a notable evidence of remarkable ability and talent. On its appearance,
the University of Glasgow, ol which he had been a distinguished alumnus,
honoured itself by conferring upon him the well-earned degree of LL.D,
Dr.; Douglas was equally distinguished for his intimate acquaintance with
the literary style, and his extensive reading in Chinese literature. It
was this that gave him the place he had amongst Chinese scholars. He was
among them in the very foremost rank. Even amongst literary Chinese he
was reckoned a great scholar. I have frequently seen the amazement with
which native literary men were struck when they saw how thoroughly he
knew their language, and how marvelously well acquainted he was with their
literature. How a foreigner could ever have got such knowledge was to
them a mystery, and they regarded him on this account with a kind of reverential
deference they would accord to few others. In these respects, his example
is invaluable for those who succeed him. No one was ever better fitted
to train and lead younger men in this most important matter. We might
think that at times, he carried his notions into too great minuteness
of detail; yet we could not but feel that he advised no line for others
which he did not take for himself, and that as regarded our, full fitting
and furnishing for the work, his way was very generally the right way.
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MISSIONARY NEVER LOST
IN SCHOLAR.
Dr. Douglas was certainly a student. He loved knowledge for its own sake,
and he had great aptitude for its acquisition. But while all this is true
of him, it is equally true that he was no mere bookworm, and that so far
as he was concerned, at no time was the missionary lost in the scholar.
He never lost sight of the great end of his being in China, for this was
the central and outstanding characteristic of his whole life, to which
everything else was subordinated. To increase his efficiency he made himself
thoroughly acquainted with the conditions and circum-. stances of the
people whom he so ardently desired to benefit. He knew that there were
many things operating against ' him, and none of these must be overlooked.
They were factors in the case, and ignorance or depreciation of them would
be detrimental. He endeavoured to get into sympathy with the people, and
to gain such an acquaintance with them, and their modes of thinking and
feeling and acting, as would make this sympathy possible. Still there
must be no doubt as to the end he had in view, and the means to be used
must always make that end clear. He eminently succeeded in making the
Chinese feel that his only motive for being among them was to benefit
them by being instrumental in leading them to Him who came to seek and
to save the lost. And what is more difficult than all, he had, in the
process of getting to know them, necessarily through a multitude of details
of a very unpleasing kind, to maintain the tone of a Christian man and
the character of a Christian missionary. No one who knew him and the history
of his missionary life will hesitate to testify how nobly he was enabled
to keep up this tone, and to maintain this character unstained and unsullied.
The Chinese respected him from the very beginning, for they never could
mistake what he was. And he had an intense regard for them. Indeed, if
one were to criticise at all, it would be to say that he was sometimes
less suspicious of them than perhaps he should have been. The transparency
of his own character, the purity of his motives, and the atmosphere of
honest purpose in which he lived, were the main causes of this.
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PREACHING; TRAINING
OF PREACHERS.
To recount his missionary labours and to sum up their results, so far
as these can yet be gathered, is impossible for me now and here to do
; but some outstanding facts regarding both must be mentioned, which will
go far to show what type of missionary he was. He saw clearly that what
he had to do was so to work as, by God's blessing, to be instrumental
in setting up a native Church so organized as to be self-supporting and
self-propagating. He felt that he was not sent to Anglicize but to Christianize
the Chinese, and everything must be so ordered as not to hinder but to
further this great end. And the longer he lived, the more cautious was
he of importing methods of work useful in the West, but unsuitable to
the peculiar conditions of China. Two things were demanded of him, and
to these two he set himself: the earnest, faithful, and loving preaching
of the Gospel; and the organizing of the Church so that from it might
go forth natives properly qualified and trained to carry the message to
their fellow-countrymen. He might have been tempted to other more agreeable
and congenial lines of work, but he held on his way because he felt it
was his duty and wisdom so to do. He was doubtless led to these views
from intercourse with the missionaries of other churches already in the
field. Nine years before Mr. Burns arrived in Amoy, missionaries from
the Reformed Dutch Church of America and from the London Missionary Society
had been labouring there; and the principles and practice of the work
carried on by them were those already stated. Mr. Johnston followed in
the same path; and Dr. Douglas, the longer he lived in China, and the
deeper insight he got into Chinese life and thought, was the more convinced
of the wisdom of the plans adopted by the men who had preceded him. The
missionaries from America were Presbyterians like ourselves; and neither
he nor any of us ever dreamt of setting up two Presbyterian Churches in
that part of China: and so our mission work and theirs became so united
that the Chinese saw we were members of one Church. This union has been
most cordially maintained; and so, to-day, we are ecclesiastically one.
The Chinese there see only one Presbyterian Church: and well would it
be if it were the same all the world over.
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UNION OF MISSIONS;
DANGER; GREAT SUCCESS.
This did not prevent the English Presbyterian Missionaries from choosing
one section of the field for themselves, and working it as thoroughly
as they could. Pechuia, the scene of that work of grace under Mr. Burns
already mentioned, was taken up as a special station of the English Presbyterian
Mission by Mr. Johnston, in 1854. It lay about twenty miles south-west
of Amoy, and was their only station when Dr. Douglas arrived in Amoy.
From that point the work extended south and west. In 1860 he commenced
work to the north of Amoy ; first at Anhai, a town about fifty miles off,
where, in that year, he nearly lost his life by the violence of an enraged
mob who set upon him. But he prudently and quietly held on his way; and
he lived to see a large and flourishing congregation in that town, and
to see also the work spreading out from it to the district around. At
present the stations of the Mission are twenty-five in' number, cover
a line of more than two hundred miles in length, and extend inland from
Amoy more than seventy miles.*
*This does not include the eighteen stations whose headquarters are at
Swatow, nor the twenty-six in Formosa, all carried on by the Presbyterian
Church of England.
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PREACHING TOURS; CHURCH ORGANIZATION.
Over all this region Dr. Douglas's voice has been heard and the Chinese
all knew him. He never rested in his evangelistic labours; and his mode
of work was to sally out from some station already planted, accompanied
by one or two native preachers, and to evangelize over all the surrounding
district. His powers of endurance were most remarkable, and the Chinese
used to say that while he could wear them all out it was impossible to
wear him out. But we felt he was wearing himself out, and we tried to
remonstrate, but remonstrances were too often in vain. It seemed to be
a necessity of the man's nature to fill up every spare moment with method
and precision.
He was equally zealous in church organization as in church extension,
for he felt that the one was as important as the other. As soon as congregations
were sufficiently strong, they were organized. They had free election
of their own office-bearers, and the Presbyterian polity was found to
be peculiarly acceptable to the Chinese. Representation by election, and
the relations of judicial bodies were not new ideas to them. Their own
social and political systems are to some extent upon the same principles.
In due time, a presbytery was formed, in which our American brethren and
we had seats, but the natives formed the great majority of its members.
I can never forget the enthusiasm with which he entered on all presbytery
business, and the glow of fervour that possessed him at all its meetings.
His name was sure to be on all important committees, and most faithfully
did he discharge such duties.
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TRAINING OF CHINESE
PREACHERS.
From the very outset he perceived the great importance of training up
a native ministry and of educating native agents to carry on the work.
When alone and single-handed in his own Mission, he did what he could
in this department, and he never ceased his care about it until he saw
a thoroughly equipped institution established in full working order.
Latterly he was surrounded by a band of natives who had been trained in
it, and who were actively engaged in preaching the Gospel to their fellow-countrymen.
He did not fall into the mistake of thinking that any man could preach;
he knew that the more thoroughly men were prepared for their work, the
better the work would be done. Nothing was allowed to come between him
and his work with the students. His brother missionaries and he divided
it among them, and, on their return from country work, their days in Amoy
were devoted to this native college. He never seemed more in his element
than when surrounded by these young men. Our habit has been to encourage
them to state openly to us any difficulties they have, and freely to question
us on things about which they doubt, or wish fuller information. This
is always done at the end of the teaching hour. I think I see him now,
all eager and enthusiastic, hearing and answering the fire of questions
from these students. It was no easy task to answer some of them on the
spur of the moment. But he never discouraged them, invariably dealt fairly
and openly with them, and never failed to put them on the lines where
solution would be found. They are all mourning him to-day, and mourning
deeply and bitterly, for his death makes a blank to them that can hardly
be filled.
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CORDIAL WORKING WITH
COLLEAGUES; FORMOSA
There is one other phase of his character as a missionary that must not
be omitted here. I can hardly put in words what he was to the brethren
of his own Mission. He had to stand for years alone, and was more than
once disappointed in his hopes of getting helpers to remain with him:
but he bravely held on. And when the mission staff did grow around him,
he never ceased to take the deepest interest in everything that concerned
them. He was the senior member of the staff, but he never, saved himself
a single detail of work. He took his own share, at least, of everything
with all of us. He was far removed from anything like selfishness in such
matters; and his high sense of duty to the Master and to us kept him from
picking and choosing what might be most congenial to himself. Down to
the very last, the very drudgery of the work (so to speak) had as much
of his attention as it had of those of us who were younger and less experienced
than he. We would have willingly spared him this, but the loyal brotherliness
that was in him refused all such distinction. It is impossible for men
engaged in such work to sink their individuality; and it can only be by
loyal self-denial and deference to the opinions of others that they can
work lovingly together. The rule on which he acted was to accept, unhesitatingly,
what seemed best to the greater number, and to carry this out in action
as cheerfully and pleasantly as he could. The consequence was that a most
remarkable amount of harmony characterised the mission staff. And this
had much to do with the solid success that has marked the Amoy work. Where
internal dissensions exist in a mission, and where individual preferences
as to modes and fields of work are carried out, irrespective of the claims
of the work as a whole, and with little regard to the opinions and feelings
of brethren, there must be loss of moral force and consequent weakness.
We can testify that Dr. Douglas never manifested such a spirit; and now
that he is gone, we feel that it is of the last importance to follow the
example of loyal brotherliness he always showed us.
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EUROPEAN RESIDENTS:
MISSIONARY CONFERENCE.
His missionary work was not confined to his own immediate district, for,
in 1860, he passed over to Formosa, and remained a few weeks in the northern
part of that island. The result of this visit was, on his part, a deep
interest in that island, and an earnest and unremitting advocacy of its
claims as a field for work. During a short stay at home, in 1862, he succeeded
in getting the Church to take it up, and on his return, in 1863, he was
accompanied by Dr. Maxwell, the first missionary to Formosa. As soon as
Dr. Maxwell was ready for work, Dr. Douglas went over with him, shared
the early difficulties and dangers of the work, and aided in setting the
mission a-going. According to the best of testimony, the first converts
in that island received the Gospel from his lips.
Dr. Douglas was also highly respected amongst his own countrymen who were
engaged in China in commercial pursuits. He did everything he could to
further their highest interests, and ever had a deep and loving regard
to the young men employed in the commercial houses at Amoy. He knew the
temptations that surrounded them on every side, and he did all he could
in the way of lovingly and tenderly warning and leading them.
He died a comparatively young man, for he was only in his 47th year when
he was cut down by cholera. But his work was finished; and in looking
back upon it we can see a wonderful roundness and completeness about it.
It is remarkable that among the last things he did was attending the Missionary
Conference that met at Shanghai, in May last. There were more than 100
delegates present, gathered from all China, and representing very fully
the various churches and societies having agents there. An American and
a British president were appointed, and this high honour was unanimously
conferred on Dr. Douglas by the British delegates. This shows the estimate
they had formed of him, and they are the most competent judges. There
seems to be a most peculiar fitness in this, forming, as it were, the
closing scene pf his public work.
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SPIRITUAL CHARACTER;
DEATH.
He spent twenty-two years of his life in this work, and he did in these
years what few could have done. Now that he has gone, we think of his
work and his walk as a most precious legacy to the church that sent him,
and to the brethren who had the privilege of working with him. Were he
here to speak, he would tell of all God had done by him, to the glory
of that grace that made him what he was; and we, too, cannot cease to
praise God for giving us such a gift, and for leaving with us so many
permanent proofs of our departed brother's usefulness and of the grace
that was in him. He was not demonstrative in the expression of the deeper
spiritual feelings of his heart. But we knew how near he lived to the
Master, and how deeply he had learned of Him. The steady, onward walk
along the unromantic dusty path of duty is the noblest testimony to the
wonder-working power of God's own Spirit, and this testimony he has left
behind for all who follow him.
He has gone, and his memory increases the amount of our Church's treasures¡ªfor
few Churches can point to three such lives as those of Burns, Sandeman,
and Douglas. But are not the Church's responsibilities increased to an
equal amount? Let their memories be lovingly cherished in the way of an
increased devotion to the work for which they lived, and in which they
died.
I part now from a brother dearly beloved, with whom, for seventeen years
it was my privilege to be most closely united, and I do so with a bitter
heart. I shall not see his like again¡ªbut the remembrance of what he
was and of what he is can never cease to be to me unspeakably sweet and
precious.
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HELP
the AMOY MISSION!!! This photo of
the May, 2007 RCA China Missionary Reunion (courtesy
of Wendell and Renske Karsen) show that some RCA folk are still around--and
we need their help!
The John
Otte Memorial on Gulangyu Islet
finishes with, "This stone may crumble, his bones may become dust,
but his character and deeds are imperishable.” But too many
characters and deeds will be forgotten if we
don't record them while those who remember are still with us. Please
E-mail to me stories and photos for the Amoy
Mission site (and planned book) so present and future generations
can appreciate the character
and deeds of those who served in the Amoy Mission.
Thanks!
Dr.
Bill Xiamen University MBA Center
E-mail: amoybill@gmail.com
Snail Mail: Dr. William Brown
Box 1288 Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian
PRC 361005
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